The Impact of Calcium Alkaline Phosphatase and Albumin-Globulin Ratio in Pregnant Women

The Impact of Calcium Alkaline Phosphatase and Albumin-Globulin Ratio in Pregnant Women

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Pregnancy is the physiological process in which progressive anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes occur. Secretion of different hormones during pregnancy is responsible for maternal adaptation to the increasing demand of the growing fetus. (Allen, 2009).It is known that maternal nutrition during pregnancy exerts profound effect on fetal growth and development. In the face of reduced nutrient intake or increased nutrient requirements competition between the mother and the fetus may limit the availability of the nutrients required for optimal fetal growth.

 Usually fetal growth involves an increase in cell number during embryonic and fetal development which is followed by an increase in cell size and this growth becomes dominant in the third trimester (Luke, 2010). The normal fetal skeleton has accreted about 30g calcium by the end of gestation, but about80% of the accretion occurs rapidly during the third trimester which is attributed to the axial growth. In achieving the growth maternal dietary composition found to have important effect (Kovacs, 2011).

During pregnancy, the very high circulatory concentrations of estrogen and progesterone alter the concentration of many substances in the maternal blood. Maternal blood calcium and phosphate level found to vary in different trimester. Lower maternal serum calcium level was found to be associated with pregnancy induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia, and calcium supplementation was suggested to circumvent the plausible conditions (Mooreet al., 2014).

The Impact of Calcium Alkaline Phosphatase and Albumin-Globulin Ratio in Pregnant Women

1.2     JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

There is less information regarding the serum calcium status of pregnant women with different changes in maternal plasma or serum proteins during gestation. These changes may be either in quantity of existing proteins or in production of proteins unique to pregnancy. Lower bone calcium and phosphate is associated with increased risk of maternal bones fracture.

For example, changes are noted in the levels of the electrophoreses fractions, specifically, albumin and the globulins as well as fibrinogen. Concentrations of the various binding globulins tend to increase during pregnancy. Other constituents, such as α-fetoprotein, salivary amylase and the proteins of the “pregnancy zone” are present in small quantities in non-pregnant women and in men. However, the concentration in maternal circulation increases substantially during pregnancy

The total Serum Protein with Albumin/Globulin (A:G) Ratio is a test for total serum protein to measure the amount of total protein found in the blood and gives specific information on the amount of blood albumin and globulin (and the ratio between the two).

Albumin/globulin ratio is the estimation of albumin to globulin.  The A:G ratio is an index of health which may provide a clue to the cause of the change in protein levels.. It is altered in diseases of liver, kidney, malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic inflammation, etc. Hemodilution do not alter this ratio because both serum albumin and serum globulin are diluted equally.

1.3     AIM OF THE STUDY

To determine the levels of calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin-globulin ratio in   pregnancy.

1.4     RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

• To estimate the levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, serum total protein, globulin and albumin- globulin ratio in pregnant women attending Madonna University Teaching Hospital Elele.
• To estimate the levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphates, serum total protein, globulin and albumin- globulin ratio in non-pregnant women in Elele town.
• To compare the levels of these parameters in control group and within trimesters of pregnancy.

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